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Future Directed Therapy (FDT) 〔Vilhauer, J. (2014). Think Forward to Thrive: How to Use the MInd's Power of Anticipation to Transcend Your Past and Transform Your Life. New World Library: Novato, CA〕 is a full clinical intervention for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder developed by Jennice Vilhauer, PhD at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA. FDT is a form of cognitive therapy that aims to decrease symptoms of depression and improve well-being by refocusing one’s attention from the past, or present-day limitations, to the creation of more positive expectancies about one’s future using a well-defined set of skills. FDT is consistent with contemporary models of the cognitive processing of individuals experiencing depression 〔MacLeod, A. K., & Salaminiou, E. (2001). Reduced positive future-thinking in depression: Cognitive and affective factors. Cognition and Emotion, 15(1), 99-107.〕 and the primary intervention are based on a volitional activation model.〔Robert J. Schafer, Tirin Moore. (2011) Selective Attention from Voluntary Control of Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex. Science 24 Vol. 332 no. 6037 pp. 1568-1571 DOI: 10.1126/science.1199892〕 Theoretical Model The model of human behavior of FDT is based upon a Humanistic Psychology and has three central tenants: 1) The desire to thrive is the fundamental drive of all people since it advances the evolutionary process;〔Maslow, Abraham (1998). Towards a Psychology of Being. Wiley; 3 edition. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-471-29309-5.〕〔Rogers, Carl. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill.〕 2) Thought and behavior is used by people to promote their thriving 3) Preparing for the future is vital for thriving and much of human functioning has evolved to facilitate creating one’s future.〔Vilhauer, J., S. Young, C. Kealoha, J. Borrmann, W. Ishak, M. Rapaport, N. Hartoonian, and J. Mirocha. (2011). Treating Major Depression by Creating Positive Expectations for the Future: A pilot study for the effectiveness of Future Directed Therapy (FDT) on Symptom Severity and Quality of Life. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics.〕〔M. Bar (2009) The proactive brain: memory for predictions. Theme issue: Predictions in the brain: Using our past to generate a future (M. Bar Ed.) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 1235-1243.〕〔Martin E. P. Seligman, Peter Railton, Roy F. Baumeister, and Chandra Sripada. (2013). Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past. Perspectives on Psychological Science March 2013 vol. 8 no. 2 119-141〕 FDT posits that belief that feelings of well-being and emotions like hope and optimism are indications of thriving.〔Maslow, A. H. (1943). "A theory of human motivation". Psychological Review 50 (4): 370–396. doi:10.1037/h0054346〕 Conversely, when movement toward a desired future state is hindered, perceived potential to thrive is hindered, contributing to the experience of psychological distress.〔Flannelly, Kevin J. PhD; Koenig, Harold G. MD, MHS; Galek, Kathleen PhD; Ellison, Christopher G. PhD. (2007). Beliefs, Mental Health, and Evolutionary Threat Assessment Systems in the Brain. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease: Volume 195 - Issue 12 - pp 996-1003〕 FDT considers emotional suffering to be rooted in thoughts centered upon that which is unwanted in life. The more disproportionately attentional resources become toward focusing on the unwanted, the greater the risk of developing serious psychological and psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety. FDT teaches individuals to appreciate that their emotions are barometers of their thought process and that negative emotions stem from over-focus on that which is unwanted in life. In FDT, thought and behavior are believed to represent the most powerful resources individuals possess to further their own thriving. FDT asserts that the greater the extent to which these resources are focused on activities that promote thriving, the more wellbeing one will experience. Thought and behavior are limited resources, however, and therefore a principal goal of FDT is to facilitate greater awareness of how individuals allocate their precious resources and the ‘thrive value’ they actually achieve from their thoughts and behaviors. FDT facilitates the development of awareness of the process by which people create the future using a model based on anticipation.〔Bar, M. (2011) Predictions in the Brain: Using Our Past to Generate a Future. Oxford University Press〕 Individuals learn how their beliefs and expectations influence the process. FDT then teaches people to formulate new ways of thinking about the future. Individuals also learn a number of specific skills, including for: goal setting, planning, taking action, problem solving, and constructively coping with disappointments. Research Existing research shows that it is effective at reducing depressive symptoms. It was also shown to be effective at significantly improving quality of life as well as effective at reducing symptoms of anxiety.〔Vilhauer, J., Cortes, J. Moali, N., Chung, S., Mirocha, J., IsHak, W. (2013). Improving Quality of LIfe for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder by Increasing Hope and Positive Expectations with Future Directed Therapy. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience,10 (3).〕〔Waguih William IsHak, Khanh Ha, Nina Kapitanski, Kara Bagot, Hassan Fathy, Brian Swanson, Jennice Vilhauer, Konstantin Balayan, Nestor Ian Bolotaulo, and Mark Hyman Rapaport (2011). The Impact of Psychotherapy, Pharmacotherapy, and Their Combination on Quality of Life in Depression. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. Vol. 19, No. 6, Pages 277-289.〕 References ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Future Directed Therapy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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